Now, download 20 books over next 20 days at Re 1 per book

TB Team
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Now, download 20 books over next 20 days at Re 1 per book

Read a fictionalised biography of Kasturba Gandhi, who was as strong and great as the Mahatma; theres a love saga between a widower and an estranged woman; a tale of a new woman at the turn of Independence; analyze the relevance of older values in present-day life and the need to change with the times; observe the generational change and conflict in a Tamil community.

There’s this and much more as starting Saturday, over the next 20 days, Niyogi Books offers you from its Thornbird imprint a compelling melange of Indian language literature in translation — one book a day at Rs 1 each, in collaboration with the Indian Novels Collective and downloadable on Amazon.

Here’s what’s on offer:

April 24: The Heroine and Other Stories by D. Jayakanthan (translated from Tamil). Each story in this collection delves into the depths of the human psyche, revealing the hidden strengths ordinary people find within themselves when faced with extraordinary circumstances.

April 25: Ballad of Kaziranga by Dileep Chandan (translated from Assamese). This is not a love story (although it does seep in), but rather, the story of love three friends share for the beautiful and majestic Kaziranga, in their own unique way.

April 26: Blossoms in the Graveyard by Jnanpith Awardee Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya (translated from Assamese) is the story of a young girl from a village in what is at that time East Pakistan as she journeys from dependence to self-reliance in the midst of the Bangladesh liberation struggle.

April 27: Elegy for the East by Dhrubajyoti Borah (translated from Assamese) explores the utter helplessness and travails of man in face of the relentless march of history.

April 28: Brink by S.L. Bhyrappa (translated from Kannada) is a love saga between Somashekhar, a widower, and Amrita, an estranged woman and deliberates on the moral, philosophical, and physical aspects of love between a man and a woman.

April 29: Kasturba Gandhi: A Bio-fiction by Giriraj Kishore (translated from Hindi) ?is the fictionalised biography of Kasturba Gandhi, a woman as strong and great as Mahatma Gandhi, who earned a place in history because of her personal sacrifices and strength of conviction in what was right.

April 30: A Plate of White Marble by Bani Basu (translated from Bengali). It is the tale of the enew woman’ of an era that has just witnessed the independence of a nation.

May 1: A Day in the Life of Mangal Taram by Anita Agnihotri (translated from Bengali) is a selection of 14 stories out of over 200 short stories written by Anita Agnihotri, whose works traverse a wide range of human emotions, spanning over three decades.

May 2: Island of Lost Shadows by E. Santhosh Kumar (translated from Malayalam). Through the voices of a myriad and sharply sketched characters, the author brings to life the troubled times of the Seventies when sadistic excesses were the norm.

May 3: Giligadu: The Lost Days by Sahitya Akademi winner Chitra Mudgal (translated from Hindi) is a multi-layered novelette, short in length yet deep in meaning and messages for urban India.

May 4: Generations by Neela Padmanabhan (translated from Tamil) is an intricate tale, simply told by a master of fiction about a community of Tamil speakers who live on the borders of modern-day Kerala – a novel of generational change and conflict.

May 5: A Fistful of Mustard Seeds by E. Santhosh Kumar (translated from Malayalam) explores moral dilemmas and personal traumas and delves into the dark recesses of the soul.

May 6: Land Lust by Joginder Paul (translated from Urdu) offers poignant glimpses of the unequal multiracial relations in colonial Kenya, evoking insightful moments of compassion from within the harsh xenophobic environs.

May 7: Laila Ke Khutoot: The Letters of Laila by Qazi Abdul Ghaffar (translated from Urdu) has been hailed as the ‘first specimen of a truly psychoanalytical fiction in Urdu’.

May 8: In the Glow of Your Being by Govind Mishra (translated from Hindi) examines the issues faced by the modern Indian woman and probes deep into the question of their freedom and its denial by society.

May 9: The Elixir of Everlasting Youth by Lakshmi Nandan Bora (translated from Assamese) is the story of an internationally renowned scientist who apparently has everything – scientific breakthroughs, awards, fame, wealth and a fine family; the key to rejuvenation continues to elude him till he finally learns the secret, helped by a yogi’s treatment and modern science.

May 10: The Story of a Timepiece: A Collection of Short Stories by Sankarankutty Pottekkat (translated from Malayalam) deals with complex characters and human relationships in realistic, everyday situations, often reflecting the social consciousness of the pre-Independence period.

May 11: The Musk and Other Stories by Arupa Patangia Kalita (translated from Assamese) is an eclectic mix of short stories and a novella that sheds light on some of the burning issues that reverberate through the Assam Valley.

May 12: Jallianwala Bagh: Literary Responses in Prose & Poetry Edited by Rakhshanda Jalil (translated from Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi) attempts to open a window into the world of possibilities that literature offers to reflect, interpret and analyse events of momentous historical import.

May 13: Beasts of Burden by Imayam (translated from Tamil). Set in the early 1970s when ritual status and payment in kind were giving way to cash wages, this is an extraordinarily detailed picture of a lifestyle that has now passed.

Here’s a chance to chance to build up an eclectic library at virtually zero cost. What are you waiting for?

Renowned Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan wins Jnanpith award

TB Team
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Renowned Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan wins Jnanpith award

Eminent Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri was on Thursday conferred with the Jnanpith award at his residence ‘Devayanam’ by Kerala Culture Minister A.K. Balan.

Appearing live from his office in the state Secretariat, Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan paid tributes to the life and works of 93-year-old Akkitham, as he is popularly known.

Seated in an armchair at his home, Akkitham received the award and became the sixth Keralite to be conferred the prestigious literary award.

Akkitham’s work includes “Irupatham Noottantinte Ithihasam”, “Balidarashanam” and “Dharma Sooryan” among over 45 works of poems, plays, and short stories.

Home and a question mark

TB Team
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Home and a question mark

He has always believed that a specific geographical location may not contain the identity we possess, despite the fact that we ‘belong’ there. No wonder, New-Delhi based multimedia artist Gigi Scaria has always considered himself a perpetual outsider.

“Our identity as individuals has a collective sense of belonging. Yes, that realization may not hit early on, but all the traveling and displacement for reasons beyond our control eventually assert that we are not stand-alone entities.”

Adding that differences of cultural, economic, religious and hierarchical positions have a huge role to play, but all these factors restructure to create an alternate self with mobility of its own, he says, “This self might reorient itself after a certain lived experience.”

Gigi, whose practice manifests in painting, sculpture, photography, and film, is known for highlighting the economic, urban, and industrial growth of Indian cities. The artist, whose work has been part of major biennales across the world including Venice, Singapore, and Kochi believes that he has always been a curious observer of cultural and religious exchanges in this country.

And for him, history, anthropology, and philosophical/ theoretical discourses of contemporary times never fail to fascinate. “An urban settlement in my mind is a laboratory to observe all these different areas of interest. Environmental concerns hit me ever since I experienced the river Yamuna in Delhi. And I believe in the ability and power of a visual, which can transform our thoughts by its sheer presence. My attempt is to take the viewer through a multi-layered conceptual understanding when they look at my artwork. I would say migration is the root of our civilizational existence. If we have to talk about ourselves we must tell the story of our journey.”

With his painting titled ‘Carpet’, being shown at Vadehra Art Gallery in Delhi as part of the show ‘A Mind of One’s Own’ (on till July 19), which shows an apartment building in the form of a carpet, the artist adds, “This is a fusion of two thoughts, my interest in architectural spaces and the illogical habitats built by the urban logic. A carpet welcomes you to the madness of this urban logic, where your existence is permanently in the state of dizzy.”

For someone who started working in video art in the early 2000s, when it was still at a nascent stage in India, Gigi, who has been an artist-in-residence at the Ian Potter Museum of Art at the University of Melbourne (2012) says that the moment he started with video, he did not paint or sculpt for five years.

“I experienced certain freedom. My thought processes also started changing drastically. I was handling the camera, editing, sound, and all the preparations for shooting on my own. Certainly, that was an empowering experience, which also led towards some unexpected outcomes.”

Adding that there were many challenges in terms of a video art practitioner including understanding the medium as well as presenting that to an audience who is not exposed to a different discourse being a struggle, he says, “I feel that video has the ability to transform our day-to-day documentation to a time capsule. Multiple dimensions and complex ideas can be expressed through this medium very effectively.”

While talking about his work ‘Expanded’ that had photographs of refugee camps from around the world, the conversation comes to the images of migrant workers walking home post the lockdown announcement. Insisting that it was a forced evacuation owing to urban apathy, the artist, admitting that he enjoys human interaction more than his “creative loneliness”, adds, “Remember, the migrant labor was not nostalgic, it was not that they felt safer back in their home towns or villages. Just that they were reminded by their own masters and the state, that they have no role to play when the state machine is temporarily shut down — ‘We are not responsible for your existence’. Yes, the state can be indifferent to its own citizens in crisis. This may give us enough thoughts to evaluate the idea of identity and belonging. Migrant labor has become a ‘universal’ citizen in the most tragic way.”

Having recently completed a new work to be exhibited in South Korea this month, the artist is also working on several film projects.

Vishwa Kavi ‘Rabindranath Tagore’

Ganesh Gullipalli
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Vishwa Kavi ‘Rabindranath Tagore’

The India National Anthem’s Writer, the first Indian Noble Prize winner, not only India, Asia’s First person, the life explorer, Evergreen Indian Noble MAN and The Great Poet of India… ‘Vishwa Kavi’ Rabindranath Tagore. Today is his Memorial Day and look into his words to know something…

“If you cry because the sun has gone out of your life, your tears will prevent you from seeing the stars.”

“It is very simple to be happy, but it is very difficult to be simple.”

“Love’s gift cannot be given, it waits to be accepted.”

“Death is not extinguishing the light; it is only putting out the lamp because the dawn has come.”

vishwa-kavi

“Love is an endless mystery because there is no reasonable cause that could explain it.”

“We read the world wrong and say that it deceives us.”

“The biggest changes in a women’s nature are brought by love; in man, by ambition”

“Music fills the infinite between two souls”

tagore

Significance of ‘Kartika Masa Vana Bhojanam’

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Significance of ‘Kartika Masa Vana Bhojanam’

Significance of ‘Kartika Masa Vana Bhojanam’

‘Kartika Damodara masa’ is the month of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva, where devotees throng the temples in the worship of their deity. Offering prayers and chanting the divine names of Vishnu and Shiva is considered auspicious in this divine month.

First of all, we need to understand the Significance of Kartika Vana Bhojanam. Why should we celebrate it?

It is very important to celebrate Vana Bhojanam or Kartika Vana Bhojanam.‘Vanam’ means loving Mother Nature, the forest. This is explained in detail in Amarakosam. People raise the question of why we should go to the forest and eat food over there with our families. It is a kind of annual ritual, a picnic undertaken in Andhra Pradesh in the month of Kartika Masam.

As per Hindu traditions, Trees/plants play a pivotal role on mother earth as they serve ‘SamasthaJeevaRaasulu’ all life including human beings in many ways. Our ancestors conceived Nature as God and always treated it with respect. It’s said, ‘Vruksho Rakshati Rakshitaha’, meaning, ‘One who protects the trees, is protected’. Amla(Gooseberry) a savior to humanity is worshipped and also has got immense medicinal values/benefits. Eating this fruit helps in gaining immunity and keeps illness at a distance.

It is believed that Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi prefer to reside under Amla trees during the Kartika parvam (month). This is the reason why people during the month of Kartika light the lamps with cow ghee and place them around the Amla tree, and worship. Telugu people especially, offer prayers to Lord Vishnu and recite the Vishnu Purana and Kartika Purana during the VanaMahostavamrituals. Apart from Amla tree, tulsi, bilva, and durva are considered divine and offered pujas.

significance of ‘kartika masa vana bhojanam'Traditionally people cook food under the Amla tree, and after offering prayers consume the food as prasadam. The sight of an Amla plant was a common thing in the backyard of every house. In the ancient times, Vanabhojam’s foremost intention was ‘Satkalakshepam’, spending time worshiping ‘suras’ (deities), in a righteous and noble manner. These outings were mainly dedicated to ‘Purana Parayanam’ i.e. reading the Holy Scriptures, an activity observed for concentration, dedication and contemplation of the individual soul to God.

In the current generation, this auspicious festival tradition has been masked with remorseful activities and conducts. The noble practice has been mutated into a ‘Chaturmukha Parayanam’, where people indulge themselves playing the game of cards and gambling. While few sections of the society treat it as holiday gathering and end it with the consumption of alcohol. Few organizations do make families, office staff and friends a part of this tradition. They perform the Pooja, and carry dining activities in the garden, which usually seems more like a ‘weekend outing’.

Though we have understood the real meaning of Kartika Masam, and the importance of Vana Bhojanam, the real challenge is educating the current society, which holds the function, but without any values to it. The festival has become a platform for people to showcase their talents than recognizing their inner self, thereby overshadowing the real purpose of gathering.

 

Kartika Vanabhojana Katha:

On this auspicious month, we talk and discuss a lot about Lord Vishnu and Vana Bhojanam. Taking this as an opportunity, I would like to tell you all dear readers a small story about Kartika Vana Bhojana!

Due to Kartika Masam, many families residing in cities held a gathering for Vana Bhojanalu. They were deeply engrossed in recollecting and discussing past happenings in their life. They were also talking about new developments in the present society.Though these platforms get people together, individuals use these gatherings to assert their talents and prove themselves. Due to this reason, the real essence of coming together is lost behind dark clouds. If we wish to bring awareness, change, and positivity in our children, we should share this story with them. If not everyone, at least a few might change their course and move towards good and follow righteousness.

Kartika MasamVanabhojanam welcomes one and all. Dips in holy rivers, lighting the lamps, chanting ‘Om Namah Shivaaya’ and singing bhajans of Bhagawan are a common practice throughout the Kartika Masam, and they signify the devotion of the devotee towards the Lord. The festival brings an occasion for everyone to come together. Villages often associate themselves with mythology, drawing people to celebrate the festival. The Kartika Masam Vanabhojanam festival deepens the bonding between the villages and the rest of the nation.

What is this story all about? To know, Let us read further.

We all know, Lord Shiva is the Supreme form. Gods, rishis, and maharishis, and every soul in this universe prostrate at the feet of Lord Shiva. People wait for yugas, just to get a mere glimpse of the God. Even “Bhola Shankar” as the name goes by, is an innocent Shivayya who is always waiting and ready to bless his devotees with whatever they wish or desire. Unlike Lord Vishnu who resides in ‘Pala Samudra’, Lord Shiva resides in the ‘Bhakti Samudra’ and treats all his creation with equality. The Nagendra (Snake God) who has decorated himself with garland to Lord Shiva is watching all of this from yugas. It observed, all the devotees who are coming to Kailasa to have Darshan of Shivayya, are particularly watching him too.

significance of ‘kartika masa vana bhojanam'He got confused, thinking whether they are all offering their salutations to him or to Lord Shiva. It slowly developed ego (Aham). His thoughts became narrow, making him negative. The snake thought people are so foolish to wait for years together to get a glimpse of the Lord.It thought, having embellished the Lord for so many ages now, it must be greater than the God.

The Snake thought to leave Lord Shiva and Kailash, and approach the devotees directly. It also thought of blessing and giving salvation to the devotees. Out of its foolishness, the Snake felt that he is the only one who can resolve problems and they have to worship him.The Snake differed to share its respect with Shivayya.

That’s it!!

It left Kailash and Lord Shiva only to find itself in dense forest where it found a sage in deep meditation. On seeing the snake, the sage humbly offered his prayers. The snake was happy and moved forward, only to find a traveler on the way. The traveler got scared seeing the snake and ran for his life. The snake’s ego raised and went ahead. It found a group of people cutting wood, on seeing the snake they all stopped working and looked at it. They signaled each other, and within seconds they started running towards the snake with an axe to kill it. Realizing what is happening to him, it started moving swiftly to save its life.

At last, the snake realized the gravity of his mistake and his position. It went back to Lord Shiva in a remorseful state asking for Lord’s forgiveness. “Neelakanta” also known as Lord Shiva, graced the snake with a smile and he soon not only witnessed but also realized the greatness of the God.

I hope the readers, especially young children must have understood that only Lord Shiva is our root, our home, our abode and that snake is none other than every one of us, our mind. Just like the God graced the realized snake, we should remember our villages grace us with the same kind of love.

Let’s now pledge that we will respect, worship and develop our villages. Let us all come together to preserve our rich culture, heritage, and traditional values which not only bind us but also bring unity in diversity. Probably, my reader must have come here to read a lighter article, but I am sure you will be leaving the page with more knowledge.

Om Namah Shivayah!!

 

 

 

 

 

 

Students Suicide Because of Educational System

Team TeluguBullet
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Students Suicide Because of Educational System

Students Suicide Because of Educational System

Students Suicide Because of Educational System: There is person Motubari in a rice field. The labors are taking one by one grass hoods to the destination place. So Motubari thought that the labors are working good as each person is taking one grass hood on their head. But he feels bad that he is taking that grass hood and keeping on their head. He is thinking that it’s all his greatness that if all the grass hoods reach to the destination or else the mistake will be the labors.

But in this business, the Motubari didn’t recognize the labor work difficulty, even if he recognizes then he thought it’s their work. Even parents are thinking like this Motubari only and students are the labors who are working hard. Yes…! It’s a bitter fact that the students couldn’t able to bear the education pressure and committing suicide. So, there is a need to focus on this situation because these deaths are going on the basis of corporate college death and avoiding the original fact.

students suicide because of educational system

Every student who commits suicide told their inner feeling through the letter or something. In these letters, none of the students are blaming their parents and not even telling that they don’t want to study but blaming the education system. They are apologizing to their parents that they couldn’t able to perceive in this education system. And even requesting their parents to reduce this study pressure to their siblings. None of the students who committed suicide didn’t apologize to their faculty nor college. In fact, reverse blaming the faculty and college because they couldn’t able to understand the real problem.

students suicide because of educational system
Parents know how the education system is in a corporate college? They are joining their children by knowing the educational system. Those who advertise their college will only speak about their grades and results and to give esure their food. They confirm that they will provide a good education but not the care and love and comfortable education to the children. 90 percent of the people will ask about their children marks but not about their care in the parents meeting. Only one percent of them will prefer not to get stress on their children.

This is an illusion that parents are unaware of all the stress students are suffering. They know, yet it is a disrespectful belief that the death is not heard in their homes. The social recognition and respect that comes with the child’s success are the main reason for their hopes. This the reason parents will tend to adjust in the colleges if they have any complaints. This is same as a killing their children for the sake of their reputation and social recognition of a girl in her husband’s house.

Naturally, this is a corporate college conspiracy. This conspiracy is not raising by the organizers but none other than the parents. Small schools and colleges are shutting down because of this parents negligence. But finding the colleges which are not giving any type of educational freedom to students. First parents should change their view then only the student’s education burden will reduce. No entrepreneur will make the non-demandable product, so even the corporate colleges are not beyond that.

Posted [relativedate] at [relativetime time_format=”H:i”]

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Sri Krishna Janmashtami

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Sri Krishna Janmashtami

Lord Krishna Janmashtami details and Information

Lord Krishna Janmashtami details and Information: ‘Krishanstami’ is celebrated on the occasion of the Lord Guru Sri Krishna’s birthday on Rohini Nakshatram, the night of Sravana Bahula Astami as per Telugu calendar. Krishanstami can be celebrated as “Gokulastami”, “Ashtami Rohini”, “Sri Krishna Janmashtami”, “Sri Krishna Jayanti”, “Sri Jayanthi”, “Satham Atam”, “Janmashtami”. As per Hindu mythology the Lord Maha Vishnu born as Sri Krishna as his 8th avatar to guide the man kind. This Astami is also celebrated as Utla(pot) festival.

On the occasion of Sri Krishna Janmashtami to invite Lord Krishna into home devotees print Lord Krishna feet with the paste of rice or with rangoli. In home entrance, they decorate with beautiful flowers, and mango leaves, clean the Lord Krishna idol with the wet cloth and decorate with sandal paste and vermillion powder and with beautiful, colorful flowers. And pray Lord Krishna with akshintalu( the the mixture of rice and turmeric powder) and dupadeepam(lightings).

Paayasam, Vadapappu, Chakrapongali, Shonti, Browns Sugar Paayasam, Venna and Megada(butter and butter cream) {Lord Krishna’s favorite}, Milk all these food will be offered to Lord Krishna. Mainly Atukulu(flattened rice) will be offered because Kucheludu(Lord Krishna childhood friend) offer atukulu with love and Lord Krishna offer him the wealth. So mainly atukulu mixed with brown sugar will be offer Lord Krishna.

On the occasion of Sri Krishna Janmashtami, devotees do fasting and end the fasting on Navami period. Worship Lord Krishna with this slogan ‘Mamakila paapa prasamanapurvaka sarvaabesta siddaye Sri Janmashtami vratamayam karishye’.

On the occasion of Sri Krishna Janmashtami, devotees play utlu kottu game. A pot will be tied in height and people will pull up and down so one by one will try to break the pot.

Sri Krishna Leela’s on the occasion of Sri Krishna Janmashtami:

At the time of vastapaharana, Draupadi prays Lord Krishna to help her. So Lord Krishna helped her clothes without getting insulted. So if we pray with heart and offer our prayers then Lord Krishna surely help us.

Kaliya, a poisonous snake live in Yamuna river in Vrindavan. The water of Yamuna river boiled and bubbled with poison. With that, the birds can’t bear the boiling of water and fell into the water and dying.

So Lord Krishna thought to take off the poison from the Yamuna river. Lord Krishna jumped into Yamuna river. The kids of Gopi’s and Yashoda got tensed.

The Kaliya snake saw him and wrapped himself around Lord Krishna’s body to teach a lesson. Lord Krishna became huge so that Kaliya left him and became angry by spitting more poison. Lord Krishna came back to his original form and started dancing on his 100 head’s one by one. So that Kaliya vomited blood and accepted his defeat. Kaliya and his wives prayed Lord Krishna to release Kaliya. So Lord Krishna left him and Kaliya immediately left from Yamuna river and went to Ramanaka Dwipa with his family. Like that Lord Krishna did Kaliya Mardanam and helped people from that poisonous Kaliya in Yamuna river.

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Self Respect With in Human

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Self Respect With in Human

Posted [relativedate] at [relativetime time_format=”H:i”]

Self Respect With in Human

How many times have you waited for someone to reply to the message you wrote, but never received it?

How many times have you dressed up for someone, waiting to hear from them that you’re beautiful?

Find how many times have you waited for someone’s call, so that they make you feel happy?

How many times have you waited for someone to appreciate the work you’re doing, so it’s easier for you to continue doing it?

With the reply that never came, the compliment you didn’t hear, the phone call that wasn’t intended, and the appreciation that was held back – you and I, we lost our self-worth.

Since kindergarten, we began to associate our self-worth with the golden stars our teachers gave us.
By middle school, this turned into how popular people thought we were and by the college, we were living on the compliments we received, and the number of people who praised us.

And till today, we think that our worth is determined by the way others perceive us. Thus, we want our boss to happy with our work, we want our partners to constantly praise us, we want to be noticed, and we want to be appreciated.

Slowly, and gradually, this will harm us. Seeking approval and validation from others will change into a permanent, life-long struggle if we don’t start believing in ourselves.

Stand in front of the mirror and look at yourself – carefully. Speak to your reflection.

Tell your reflection you are beautiful, you are strong. Tell your reflection that you appreciate yourself, that you love yourself, that you want to make yourself happy. and Tell your reflection that you’ll be there for yourself.

Because, sooner or later, you will realize that there is no one who will always be there for you, there is no one who can constantly praise you, appreciate you, and keep you happy. That is your job. And that job begins by believing that you can.

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Ancient Indian Time Calculator

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Ancient Indian Time Calculator

Ancient Indian Time Calculator

Ancient Indian Time Calculator:

1 Kranti = 34,000 half in 1 second
1 Truti = 0.031 µs
1 Renu = 60 Truti
2 Lavas = 1 second
30 seconds = 1 Vipalam
60 Vipalas = 1 Palam
60 Palas = 1 Chadi( nearly 24 minutes)
2.5 Chadis = 1 hour
24 hours = 1 day
Eye blinking time = 1 second
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 hour
24 hours = 1 day
7 days = 1 Saptaham(Week)
15 days = 1 Pakshamu(Forth night)
4 Saptahas =1 month
2 months = 1 Rutuvu(Season)
2 Rutus = 1 Kaalam(Period)
6 Rutus = 1 year
100 years = 1 Satabdam(Century)
10 Satabdas = 1 Sahasrabdam(Millennium)
432 Sahasrabdas = 1 Yugam(Era)
2 Kali Yugas = 1 Dvapara Yugam
4 Treta Yugam = 1 Kruta Yugam or Satya Yugam
10 Yugas = 1 Maha Yugam(43 lakhs 20,000 years)
100 Maha Yugas = 1 Kalpam(43 crores 23 lakhs years)

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